Gender equality is an ongoing issue in the United States, particularly when it comes to employment and income. Despite progress in recent years, there is still a significant gap between men and women in terms of pay and job opportunities. Understanding the factors that contribute to this inequality is crucial for creating positive change. This project brings together data from various sources to help us better understand the geospatial condition of gender inequality, how it has evolved over time, and case studies in two industries.

1 Population and Employment by States

The gender-based unemployment data was obtained from the US Bureau of Labour Statistics in the following link https://www.bls.gov/lau/ex14tables.htm We are solely focusing on unemployment data from 2022 for each US state.

This interactive map depicts the unemployment rates of each US state, with separate color coding for total unemployment and unemployment by gender. Darker shades indicate higher unemployment rates, while lighter shades correspond to lower unemployment rates. By analyzing the map, it becomes apparent that many states in the West Coast, including California, Oregon, Washington State, and Nevada, have higher unemployment rates compared to the Midwest. Additionally, some states in the Northeast, such as New York, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, also display higher unemployment rates. The map effectively highlights geographic patterns of unemployment across the US and provides insights into disparities among different regions and demographic groups.

Based on the map, we can visually interpret that for both genders, there is relatively higher unemployment in the West Coast and some states in the Northeast, compared to the Midwest. For instance, for male unemployment, there is high unemployment in states like Nevada, Washington and California. Interestingly, similar patterns can be seen for female unemployment. Perhaps there aren’t pronounced gender differences in unemployment in many states in the US in 2022.

3 Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Top 10 Occupations for Women in the United States

While it is true that the top occupations for women in the United States are primarily in the services industry, it is important to note that a significant portion of these jobs are low-skilled or involve repetitive tasks. While these jobs are necessary for our economy and provide important services to communities, they often do not offer the same level of job security or opportunities for career growth as higher-skilled occupations. It is important to work towards creating a more equal job market where women have access to a wider range of employment opportunities, including those that offer more skill development and higher pay.

4 Case Study 1: Lazega Law Firm in United States

A box plot of the number of interactions each of node in the network. This is split on two levels – First, it is split by practice (1 = Litigation and 2 = Corporate). This is then further split by men and women (1=man, 2 =woman).

##  gn.membership  
##  Min.   : 1.00  
##  1st Qu.: 2.00  
##  Median : 5.00  
##  Mean   :11.38  
##  3rd Qu.:20.00  
##  Max.   :36.00

The above social network graph has grouped the Lazega nodes using the Random Walk algorithm method to classify groups. Thereafter, the nodes are coloured by gender. As we can see from the graph, the number of women are materially fewer than the men.

5 Case Study 2: Differences in gender representation in Hollywood

We conducted text analysis of plot descriptions of movies to compare the use of words between American Hollywood films that have good and bad female representation. We used the Bechdel test as a measure of female representation, which looks at whether a movie has at least two named female characters who talk to each other about something other than a man. By analyzing the plot descriptions, we aimed to understand how movies with good and bad female representation differ in the words they use. Even though the Bechdel test isn’t the sole indicator of female representation in films, this analysis can provide insights into how women are portrayed in movies and how their representation can impact the way we perceive and value women in society.

The datasets were obtained from a study conducted by FiveThirtyEight on Hollywood’s gender bias. The datasets can be downloaded from the following Github repository https://github.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/tree/master/data/2021/2021-03-09

We chose 500 movies that pass the Bechdel Test and compare with 500 movies that failed the Bechdel test. We will analyse the text from “plot”. We use the cleaning functions to remove unnecessary words (stop words), syntax, punctuation, numbers, white space, etc. We also creates a document-term-matrix, and provided word clouds of the most frequent words among the movies that pass and fail the Bechdel test.

Based on the word clouds, we found that the most common words in the plot of movies that passed the Bechdel test are woman, school, life, girl, family, home, world, love, classic and daughter. Common words in the plot of movies that failed the Bechdel test are life, world, story, save, friends, team, and death.

In the next stage of our analysis, we presented bar graphs displaying the frequency of the top 20 most commonly used words, along with their respective counts, to provide further details about the distribution of these words. Our analysis includes three visual representations: bar graphs for both passed and failed Bechdel Test categories, as well as a pyramid plot that compares the most common words used in movies that passed and failed the Bechdel Test. By presenting these visualizations side by side, we can easily compare and contrast the frequency and type of words used in the plot descriptions of movies that passed and failed the test.

We provide a pyramid plot to show how the words between passing and failed Bechdel test movies differ in frequency. A selection of 20 top words are chosen.

## 50 50
## [1] 5 5 2 2